ABSTRACT
NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical immune component that plays a crucial role in mounting innate immune responses. The deleterious effects of inflammasome activation have been correlated with the COVID-19 disease severity. In the presence of several underlying disorders, the immune components of our bodies are dysregulated, creating conditions that could adversely affect us other than providing a required level of protection. In this review, we focused on the occurrence of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in response to SARS-COV-2 infection, dysregulation of NLRP3 activation events in the presence of several comorbidities, the contribution of activated NLRP3 inflammasome to the severity of COVID-19, and available therapeutics for the treatment of such NLRP3 inflammasome related diseases based on current knowledge. The primed state of immunity in individuals with comorbidities (risk factors) could accelerate many deaths and severe COVID-19 cases via activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the release of downstream inflammatory molecules. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the host-pathogen interaction is needed to clarify the pathophysiology and select a potential therapeutic approach.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Inflammasomes , Humans , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein , Risk Factors , SARS-CoV-2 , Severity of Illness IndexABSTRACT
The recurrent appearance of novel coronaviruses (CoVs) and the mortality and morbidity caused by their outbreaks aroused a widespread response among the global science community. Wild birds' high biodiversity, perching and migratory activity, ability to travel long distances and possession of a special adaptive immune system may make them alarming sources of zoonotic CoV-spreading vectors. This review gathers the available evidence on the global spread of CoVs in wild birds to date. The major wild birds associated with different types of CoVs are Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Columbiformes, Pelecaniformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Ciconiiformes, Gruiformes and so on. However, the main type of CoVs found in wild birds is gammacoronavirus, followed by deltacoronavirus. Consequently, it is imperative to enable thorough research and continuous monitoring to fill the study gap in terms of understanding their role as zoonotic vectors and the frequent appearance of novel CoVs.